How to Write a Christian Essay

<h1>How to Write a Christian Essay</h1><p>How to compose Christian traditional training article test? This isn't a simple errand. A paper test is significantly simpler to compose, in the event that you comprehend the nuts and bolts. A paper test will likewise mention to you what is anticipated from you when composing one.</p><p></p><p>You can begin with learning essential data on syntax and accentuation. Syntax and accentuation are the most significant things for an understudy in the study hall. You have to see how to peruse and compose accurately. Syntax and accentuation are educated in high school.</p><p></p><p>In your examination for Christian paper tests, make certain to inquire about how to spell, underwrite, and make basic sentences. Most Christian old style instruction papers are composed for secondary school understudies. All they need to learn is the manner by which to peruse, spell, and compose appropriately. They couldn't care less how to make a sentence sound right or how to underwrite, they simply need to realize how to appropriately utilize the English language.</p><p></p><p>The next thing you have to think about how to compose a Christian exposition tests is to realize how to structure your thoughts so as to fit into the subject. What will this article be about? In what manner will it demonstrate that Christianity is true?</p><p></p><p>You need to tell the world that Christianity is valid by indicating them an example of one Christian paper. To assist you with arranging out the structure of your article, read through some Christian old style instruction paper tests, perceive what number of the understudies are in the class, and inquire as to whether you will fit it into the topic.</p><p></p><p>Remember, when you're composing Christian great training exposition, you should attempt to abstain from utilizing the b ook of scriptures. Continuously utilize different wellsprings of data, for example, history, society, and the occasions of our reality. It's alright to compose Christian exemplary training article utilizing the holy book as a source of perspective. Be that as it may, you ought not begin your Christian great exposition utilizing the book of scriptures as a reference.</p><p></p><p>Try to remember something new for your Christian exemplary article. Discover something other than what's expected that can give your insight into Christianity in a new and energizing look. At the point when you add something new to the article, you show your insight into Christianity is something beyond a book.</p><p></p><p>Some understudies may advise you to compose a Christian exemplary paper on God. This is an incredible method to settle on a good choice about how to structure your Christian paper. Peruse some Christian traditional instruction exposition tes ts to get thoughts on the most proficient method to finish the task.</p>

Argumentative Persuasive Essay Topics

<h1>Argumentative Persuasive Essay Topics</h1><p>Argumentative convincing article themes are one of the most significant components in any contentious exposition. It is critical to express a reality, however to clarify why that reality ought to be contemplated in more detail. The purpose of contentious article points is to make perusers think, not simply read. So as to do this, you should persuade your peruser to think before they take any action.</p><p></p><p>The type of pugnacious influential exposition points are changed. You can look over an inquiry, a rundown, or a model. It is indispensable that your themes are deserving of both thought and treatment. You ought to have achieved two things when you wrap up this article: the theme and the exposition itself are magnificent. In the event that you have not cultivated these objectives, you have to chip away at them, in light of the fact that doing in any case will prompt a horrible factious e ssay.</p><p></p><p>So how would you approach creating contentious, powerful exposition subjects? I will talk about three of the best systems for beginning. Each will require a smidgen of imagination, however each can create an exceptionally viable factious essay.</p><p></p><p>The first procedure is to take your inquiry and put it into an inquiry and answer position. In the event that you are attempting to convince a peruser to think, this is an extraordinary method to do it. You are additionally being straightforward all the while, in light of the fact that in actuality you can't persuade somebody on the off chance that they realize that you know nothing about the subject. You may not have to demonstrate that you know something explicit, in light of the fact that the peruser will as of now be interested about it.</p><p></p><p>Once you answer the inquiry, you should offer a clarification. At that point you utiliz e an account or two to back up your clarification. You may likewise think that its accommodating to embed a story in your contentious paper. Obviously, you have to ensure that your accounts are genuine and not over the top. Keep in mind, individuals are substantially more liable to tune in to what they see, as opposed to what they hear.</p><p></p><p>An model is an incredible method to move toward factious powerful paper subjects. Basically use models and draw in your peruser in conversations. To make it work, you should be inventive. Absolutely never give an inappropriate impression with your models, yet rather use pictures and recordings. You ought to likewise attempt to utilize your experimental writing abilities, regardless of whether it implies taking a stab at something new.</p><p></p><p>Finally, the most impressive article for factious influential papers is the one that is both engaging and significant. This is frequently very ha rd to do, however is totally justified, despite all the trouble. At the point when you're composing, you have to ensure that your crowd doesn't get exhausted with the composition. On the off chance that they are, you are damned. You have to keep them intrigued by the exposition all through, with the goal that when you're set, they will have a solid feeling of a solid contention that they can not effectively dismiss.</p><p></p><p>These three procedures are for the most part awesome techniques for composing compelling contentious influential paper subjects. It requires some investment, yet when you are effective, the outcomes are fulfilling. Obviously, recollect that regardless of how great your pugnacious paper is, it won't win a contention. It is just intended to engage and educate.</p>

Basel Norms in India free essay sample

Technical Paper – Course on General Management and Communication Skills, Institute of Chartered Accountants of India Batch 129 Basel II Implications on Indian Banks Group Members Rahul Sharma (ERO0097549) Abhishek Tulsyan (CRO0137558) Sikha Kedia (ERO0105399) Gourav Modi (ERO0016925) Praveen Didwania (ERO0110131) Index of Contents Topics Page No. I. Introduction A. B. C. D. E. F. G. Background Functions of Basel Committee The Evolution to Basel II – First Basel Accord Capital Requirements and Capital Calculation under Basel I Criticisms of Basel I New Approach to Risk Based Capital Structure of Basel II First Pillar : Minimum Capital Requirement Types of Risks under Pillar I The Second Pillar : Supervisory Review Process The Third Pillar : Market Discipline 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 II. The Three Pillar Approach A. B. C. D. 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 III. Capital Arbitrage and Core Effect of Basel II A. Capital Arbitrage B. Bank Loan Rating under Basel II Capital Adequacy Framework C. Effect of Basel II on Bank Loan Rating IV. Basel II in India A. Implementation C. Impact on Indian Banks D. Impact on Various Elements of Investment Portfolio of Banks E. Impact on Bad Debts and NPA’s of Indian Banks D. Government Policy on Foreign Investment E. Threat of Foreign Takeover 8 8 9 10 10 10 V. Conclusion A. SWOT Analysis of Basel II in Indian Banking Context B. Challenges going ahead under Basel II 11 11 13 13 VI. VII. References The Technical Paper Presentation Team 2 I. Introduction: A. Background Basel II is a new capital adequacy framework applicable to Scheduled Commercial Banks in India as mandated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). The Basel II guidelines were issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision that was initially published in June 2004. The Accord has been accepted by over 100 countries including India. In April 2007, RBI published the final guidelines for Banks operating in India. Basel II aims to create international standards that deals with Capital Measurement and Capital Standards for Banks which banking regulators can use when creating regulations about how much banks need to put aside to guard against the types of financial and operational risks banks face. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision was constituted by the Central Bank Governors of the G-10 countries in 1974 consisting of members from Australia, Brazil, Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Spain, India, Japan, etc to name a few. The ommittee regularly meets four times a year at the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) in Basel, Switzerland where its 10 member Secretariat is located. B. Functions of the Basel Committee The purpose of the committee is to encourage the convergence toward common approaches and standards. However, the Basel Committee is not a classical multilateral organisation like World Trade Organisation. It has no founding treaty and it does not issue binding regulat ions. It is rather an informal forum to find policy solutions and promulgate standards. C. The Evolution to Basel II – First Basel Accord The First Basel Accord (Basel I) was completed in 1988. The main features of Basel I were: †¢ †¢ †¢ Set minimum capital standards for banks Standards focused on credit risk, the main risk incurred by banks Became effective end-year 1992 The First Basel Accord aimed at creating a level playing field for internationally active banks. Hence, banks from different countries competing for the same loans would have to set aside roughly the same amount of capital on the loans. D. Capital Requirements and Capital Calculation under Basel – I Minimum Capital Adequacy ratio was set at 8% and was adjusted by a loan’s credit risk weight. Credit risk was divided into 5 categories viz. 0%, 10%, 20%, 50% and 100%. Commercial loans, for example, were assigned to the 100% risk weight category. To calculate required capital, a bank would multiply the assets in each risk category by the category’s risk weight and then multiply the result by 8%. Thus, a Rs 100 commercial loan would be multiplied by 100% and then by 8%, resulting in a capital requirement of Rs8. E. Criticisms of Basel – I Following are the criticisms of the First Basel Accord (Basel I):†¢ †¢ It took too simplistic an approach to setting credit risk weights and for ignoring other types of risk. Risks weights were based on what the parties to the Accord negotiated rather than on the actual risk of each asset. Risk weights did not flow from any particular insolvency probability standard, and were for the most part, arbitrary. 3 †¢ †¢ †¢ The requirements did not account for the operational and other forms of risk that may also be important. Except for trading account activities, the capital standards did not account for hedging, diversification, and differences in risk management techniques. Advances in technology and finance allowed banks to develop their own capital allocation models in the 1990’s. This resulted in more accurate calculation of bank capital than possible under Basel I. These models allowed banks to align the amount of risk they undertook on a loan with the overall goals of the bank. Internal models allow banks to more finely differentiate risks of individual loans than is possible under Basel – I. It facilitates risks to be differentiated within loan categories and between loan categories and also allows the application of a capital charge to each loan, rather than each category of loan. F. New Approach to Risk-Based Capital †¢ †¢ †¢ By the late 1990’s, growth in the use of regulatory capital arbitrage led the Basel Committee to begin work on a new capital regime (Basel II) Effort focused on using banks’ internal rating models and internal risk models June 1999: The Basel Committee issued a proposal for a new capital adequacy framework to replace Basel I. In order to overcome the criticisms of Basel – I and for adoption of the new approach to riskbased capital, Basel II guidelines were introduced. G. Structure of Basel – II Basel – II adopts a three pillar approach: †¢ †¢ †¢ Pillar I Minimum Capital Requirement (Addressing Credit Risk, Operational Risk Market Risk) Pillar II Supervisory Review (Provides Framework for Systematic Risk, Liquidity Risk Legal Risk) Pillar III Market Discipline Disclosure (To promote greater stability in the financial system) II. The Three Pillar Approach The first pillar establishes a way to quantify the minimum capital requirements. The main objective of Pillar I is to align capital the adequacy ratios to the risk sensitivity of the assets affording a greater flexibility in the computation of banks individual risk. Capital Adequacy Ratio is defined as the amount of regulatory capital to be maintained by a bank to account for various risks inbuilt in the banking sy stem. The focus of Capital Adequacy Ratio under Basel I norms was on credit risk and was calculated as follows: Capital Adequacy Ratio = Tier I Capital+Tier II Capital Risk Weighted Assets Basel Committee has revised the guidelines in the year June 2001 known as Basel II Norms. Capital Adequacy Ratio in New Accord of Basel II: Capital Adequacy Ratio = Total Capital (Tier I Capital+Tier II Capital) Market Risk(RWA) + Credit Risk(RWA) + Operation Risk(RWA) *RWA = Risk Weighted Assets Calculation of Capital Adequacy Ratio: Total Capital: Total Capital constitutes of Tier I Capital and Tier II Capital less shareholding in other banks. Tier I Capital = Ordinary Capital + Retained Earnings Share Premium Intangible assets. Tier II Capital = Undisclosed Reserves + General Bad Debt Provision+ Revaluation Reserve+ Subordinate debt+ Redeemable Preference shares Tier III Capital: Tier III Capital includes subordinate debt with a maturity of at least 2 years. This is addition or substitution to the Tier II Capital to cover market risk alone. Tier III Capital should not cover more than 250% of Tier I capital allocated to market risk. A. First Pillar : Minimum Capital Requirement B. Types of Risks under Pillar I . Credit Risk Credit risk is the risk of loss due to a debtors non-payment of a loan or other line of credit (either the principal or interest (coupon) or both). Basel II envisages two different ways of measuring credit risk which are standarised approach, Internal Rating-Based Approach. The Standardised Approach The standardized approach is conceptually the same as the present Accord, but is more risk sensitive. Un der this approach the banks are required to use ratings from External Credit Rating Agencies to quantify required capital for credit risk. The Internal Ratings Based Approach (IRB) Under the IRB approach, different methods will be provided for different types of loan exposures. Basically there are two methods for risk measurement which are Foundation IRB and Advanced IRB. The framework allows for both a foundation method in which a bank estimate the probability of default associated with each borrower, and the supervisors will 5 supply the other inputs and an advanced IRB approach, in which a bank will be permitted to supply other necessary inputs as well. Under both the foundation and advanced IRB approaches, the range of risk weights will be far more diverse than those in the standardized approach, resulting in greater risk sensitivity. 2. Operational Risk An operational risk is a risk arising from execution of a companys business functions. As such, it is a very broad concept including e. g. fraud risk, legal risk, physical or environmental risks, etc. Basel II defines operational risk as the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems, or from external events. Although the risks apply to any organization in business, this particular risk is of particular relevance to the banking regime where regulators are responsible for establishing safeguards to protect against systematic failure of the banking system and the economy. Banks will be able to choose between three ways of calculating the capital charge for operational risk – the Basic Indicator Approach, the Standardized Approach and the advanced measurement Approaches. 3. Market Risk Market risk is the risk that the value of a portfolio, either an nvestment portfolio or a trading portfolio, will decrease due to the change in value of the market risk factors. The four standard market risk factors are stock prices, interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and commodity prices. The preferred approach is VAR(value at risk). C. The Second Pillar : Supervisory Review Process Supervisory review process has been introduced to ensure not only that banks have adequate capital to support all th e risks, but also to encourage them to develop and use better risk management techniques in monitoring and managing their risks. The process has four key principles – a) Banks should have a process for assessing their overall capital adequacy in relation to their risk profile and a strategy for monitoring their capital levels. b) Supervisors should review and evaluate bank’s internal capital adequacy assessment and strategies, as well as their ability to monitor and ensure their compliance with regulatory capital ratios. c) Supervisors should expect banks to operate above the minimum regulatory capital ratios and should have the ability to require banks to hold capital in excess of the minimum. ) Supervisors should seek to intervene at an early stage to prevent capital from falling below minimum level and should require rapid remedial action if capital is not mentioned or restored. D. The Third Pillar : Market Discipline Market discipline imposes strong incentives to banks to conduct their business in a safe, sound and effective manner. It is proposed to be effected through a series of disclosure requirements on capital, risk exposure etc. so that market participants can assess a bank’s capital adequacy. These disclosures should be made at least semiannually and more frequently if appropriate. Qualitative disclosures such as risk management objectives and policies, definitions etc. may be published annually. 6 III. Capital Arbitrage and Core Effect of Basel II Regulatory arbitrage is where a regulated institution takes advantage of the difference between its real (or economic) risk and the regulatory position. Securitization is the main means used by Banks to engage in Regulatory Capital Arbitrage. Example of Capital Arbitrage is given below: A. Capital Arbitrage †¢ Assume a bank has a portfolio of commercial loans with the following ratings and internally generated capital requirements – AA-A: 3%-4% capital needed – B+-B: 8% capital needed – B- and below: 12%-16% capital needed Under Basel I, the bank has to hold 8% risk-based capital against all of these loans To ensure the profitability of the better quality loans, the bank engages in capital arbitrage, it securitizes the loans so that they are reclassified into a lower regulatory risk category with a lower capital charge Lower quality loans with higher internal capital charges are kept on the bank’s books because they require less risk-based capital than the bank’s internal model indicates. †¢ †¢ †¢ B. Bank Loan Rating under Basel – II Capital Adequacy Framework †¢ On April 27, 2007, the Reserve Bank of India released the final guidelines for implementation of the New Capital Adequacy Framework (Basel II) applicable to the Banking system of the country The new framework mandates that the amount of capital provided by a bank against any loan and facility will be based on the credit rating assigned to the loan issue by an external rating agency. This means that a loan and a facility with a higher credit rating will attract a lower risk weight than one with a lower credit rating. †¢ †¢ Illustration of capital-saving potential by banks on a loan of Rs 1000 million Rating Basel I Basel II Capital Saved (Rs Long Short Risk Capital Risk Capital Million) Term Term Weight Required* Weight Required Rating Rating (Rs Million) (Rs Million) AAA P1+ 100% 90 20% 18 72 AA P1 100% 90 30% 27 63 A P2 100% 90 50% 45 45 BBB P3 100% 90 100% 90 0 BB P4 P5 100% 90 150% 135 (45) below Unrated Unrated 100% 90 100% 90 0 *Capital required is computed as Loan Amount ? Risk Weight ? 9% C. Effect of Basel – II on Bank Loan Rating †¢ †¢ Banks would either prefer that the Borrower should get itself rated, or, It would prefer that the borrowing institution should pay a higher rate of interest to compensate for the loss. 7 To substantiate the above fact, following example is taken in respect of a strong company: Loan of Rating AAA is taken of Rs 100 Crores @ 12% interest rate Capital Adequacy Rating Risk % Capital Required Opportunity Ratio (Rs Crores) Interest lost by the Bank (Rs Crores) C. A. R. Unrated 100% 9. 00 1. 08 C. A. R. New 20% 1. 80 0. 22 Total Opportunity Interest lost by the Bank (Rs Crores) 0. 86 Hence, Banks would resort to the above-mentioned measures in order to reduce or curb this loss on opportunity interest. Worse affected by this action taken by Banks would be the weaker companies. They would either be charged a higher rate of interest on loans to compensate for the loss or would alternatively have to approach another bank charging a lower rate of interest. The ideal solution to this problem would be that a weaker company should get itself rated and also take steps in order to have a better credit rating. Credit Rating is an evaluation of credit worthiness of a person, company or instrument. Thus, it indicates their willingness to pay for the obligation and the net worth. IV. Basel II in India A. Implementation The deadline for implementing the base approach of Basel II norms in India, was originally set for March 31, 2007. Later the RBI extended the deadline for Foreign banks in India and Indian banks operating abroad to meet those norms by March 31, 2008, while all other scheduled commercial banks were to adhere to the guidelines by March 31, 2009. Later the RBI confirmed that all commercial banks were Basel II compliant by March 31, 2009. Keeping in view the likely lead time that may be needed by the banks for creating the requisite technological and the risk management infrastructure, including the required databases, the MIS and the skill up-gradation, etc. , RBI has proposed the implementation of the advanced approaches under Basel II in a phased manner starting from April 1, 2010 B. Impact on Indian Banks Basel II allows national regulators to specify risk weights different from the internationally recommended ones for retail exposures. The RBI had, therefore, announced an indicative set of weights for domestic corporate long-term loans and 8 bonds subject to different ratings by international rating agencies such as Moodys Investor Services which are slightly different from that specified by the Basel Committee (Table 1). C. Impact on various elements of the investment portfolio of banks The bonds and debentures portfolio of the banks consist of investments into higher rated companies, hence the corporate assets measured using the standardised approach may be exposed to slightly lower risk weights in comparison with the 100 per cent risk weights assigned under Basel I. The Indian banks have a large short-term portfolio in the form of cash credit, overdraft and working capital demand loans, which were un-rated, and carried a risk weight of 100 per cent under the Basel I regime. They also have short-term investments in commercial papers in their investment portfolio, which also carried a 100 per cent risk weight. The RBIs capital adequacy guidelines has prescribed lower risk weights for short-tem exposures, if these are rated (Table 2). This provides the banks with an opportunity to benefit from their investments in commercial paper (which are typically rated in A1+/A1 category) and give them the potential to exploit the proposed short-term credit risk weights by obtaining short-term ratings for exposures in the form of cash credit, overdraft and working capital loans. The net result is that the implementation of Basel II provided Indian banks with the opportunity to significantly reduce their credit risk weights and reduce their required regulatory capital, if they suitably adjust their portfolio by lending to rated but strong corporate and increase their retail lending. According to some reports, most of the Indian banks who have migrated to Basel II have reported a reduction in their total Capital Adequacy Ratios (CARs). However, a few banks, those with high exposures to higher rated corporate or to the regulatory retail portfolio, have reported increased CARs. However, a recent study by New Delhi-based industry lobby group Assocham has concluded that Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) of a group of commercial banks, which were part of the study improved to 13. 48% in 2008-09 from 12. 35% in 2007-08, due to lower risk weights, implementation of Basel II norms and slower credit growth. 9 D. Bad debts and requirement of additional capital In this context, the situation regarding bad debts and NPA’s is very pertinent. The proportion of total NPAs to total advances declined from 23. 2 per cent in March 1993 to 7. per cent in March, 2004. The improvement in terms of NPAs has been largely the result of provisioning or infusion of capital. This meant that if the banks required more capital, as they would to implement Basel II norms, they would have to find capital outside of their own or the governments re sources. ICRA has estimated that, Indian banks would need additional capital of up to Rs. 12,000 crore to meet the capital charge requirement for operational risk under Basel II. Most of this capital would be required by PSBs Rs. 9,000 crore, followed by the new generation private sector banks Rs. 1,100 crore, and the old generation private sector bank Rs. 750 crore. In practice, to deal with this, a large number of banks have been forced to turn to the capital market to meet their additional regulatory capital requirements. ICICI Bank, for example, has raised around Rs. 3,500 crore, thus improving its Tier I capital significantly. Many of the PSBs, namely, Punjab National Bank, Bank of India, Bank of Baroda and Dena Bank, besides private sector banks such as UTI Bank have either already tapped the market or have announced plans to raise equity capital in order to boost their Tier I capital. E. Government Policy on foreign investment The need to go public and raise capital challenged the government policy aimed at restricting concentration of share ownership, maintaining public dominance and limiting foreign influence in the banking sector. One immediate fallout was that PSBs being permitted to dilute the governments stake to 51 per cent, and the pressure to reduce this to 33 per cent increased. Secondly, the government allowed private banks to expand equity by accessing capital from foreign investors. This put pressure on the RBI to rethink its policy on the ownership structure of domestic banks. In the past the RBI has emphasised the risks of concentrated foreign ownership of banking assets in India. Subsequent to a notification issued by the Government, which had raised the FDI limit in private sector banks to 74 per cent under the automatic route, a comprehensive set of policy guidelines on ownership of private banks was issued by the RBI. These guidelines stated, among other things, that no single entity or group of related entities would be allowed to hold shares or exercise control, directly or indirectly, in any private sector bank in excess of 10 per cent of its paid-up capital. F. Threat of foreign takeover There has been growing pressure to consolidate domestic banks to make them capable of facing international competition. Indian banks are pigmies compared with the global majors. Indias biggest bank, the State Bank of India, which accounts for onefifth of the total banking assets in the country, is roughly one-fifth as large as the worlds biggest bank Citigroup. Given this difference, even after consolidation of 10 omestic banks, the threat of foreign takeover remains if FDI policy with respect to the banking sector is relaxed. Not surprisingly, a number of foreign banks have already evinced an interest in acquiring a stake in Indian banks. Thus, it appears that foreign bank presence and consolidation of bankin g are inevitable post Basel II. V. Conclusion A. SWOT Analysis of Basel II in Indian Banking Context Strenghts †¢ †¢ Aggression towards development of the existing standards by banks. Strong regulatory impact by central bank to all the banks for implementation. Presence of intellectual capital to face the change in implementation with good quality. †¢ †¢ †¢ Weaknesses Poor Technology Infrastructure Ineffective Risk Measures Presence of more number of Smaller banks that would likely to be impacted adversely. †¢ Opportunities †¢ †¢ Increasing Risk Management Expertise. Need significant connection among business,credit and risk management and Information Technology. Advancement of Technologies. Strong Asset Base would help in bigger growth. †¢ †¢ Threats Inability to meet the additional Capital Requirements Loss of Capital to the entire banking system, due to Mergers and acquisitions. Huge Investments in technologies †¢ †¢ †¢ B. Challenges going ahead under Basel II †¢ The new norms will almost invariably increase capital requirement in all banks across the board. Although capital requirement for credit risk may go down due to adoption of more risk sensitive models such advantage will be more than offset by additional capital charge for operational risk and increased capital requirement for market risk. This partly explains the current trend of consolidation in the banking industry. Competition among banks for highly rated corporates needing lower amount of capital may exert pressure on already thinning interest spread. Further, huge implementation cost may also impact profitability for smaller banks. The biggest challenge is the re-structuring of the assets of some of the banks as it would be a tedious process, since most of the banks have poor asset quality leading to significant proportion of NPA. This also may lead to Mergers Acquisitions, which itself would be loss of capital to entire system. The new norms seem to favor the large banks that have better risk management and measurement expertise, who also have better capital adequacy ratios and geographically diversified portfolios. The smaller banks are also likely to be hurt by the rise in weightage †¢ †¢ †¢ 11 of inter-bank loans that will effectively price them out of the market. Thus, banks will have to re-structure and adopt if they are to survive in the new environment. †¢ Since improved risk management and measurement is needed, it aims to give impetus to the use of internal rating system by the international banks. More and more banks may have to use internal model developed in house and their impact is uncertain. Most of these models require minimum historical bank data that is a tedious and high cost process, as most Indian banks do not have such a database. The technology infrastructure in terms of computerization is still in a nascent stage in most Indian banks. Computerization of branches, especially for those banks, which have their network spread out in remote areas, will be a daunting task. Penetration of information technology in banking has been successful in the urban areas, unlike in the rural areas where it is insignificant. An integrated risk management concept, which is the need of the hour to align market, credit and operational risk, will be difficult due to significant disconnect between business, risk managers and IT across the organizations in their existing set-up. Implementation of the Basel II will require huge investments in technology. According to estimates, Indian banks, especially those with a sizeable branch network, will need to spend well over $ 50-70 Million on this. Computation of probability of default, loss given default, migration mapping and supervisory validation require creation of historical database, which is a time consuming process and may require initial support from the supervisor. With the implementation of the new framework, internal auditors may become increasingly involved in various processes, including validation and of the accuracy of the data inputs, review of activities performed by credit functions and assessment of a banks capital assessment process. Pillar 3 purports to enforce market discipline through stricter disclosure requirement. While admitting that such disclosure may be useful for supervisory authorities and rating agencies, the expertise and ability of the general public to comprehend and interpret disclosed information is open to question. Moreover, too much disclosure may cause information overload and may even damage financial position of bank. Basel II proposals underscore the interaction between sound risk management practices and corporate good governance. The banks board of directors has the responsibility for setting the basic tolerance levels for various types of risk. It should also ensure that management establishes a framework for assessing the risks, develop a system to relate risk to the banks capital levels and establish a method for monitoring compliance with internal policies. The risk weighting scheme under Standardised Approach also creates some incentive for some of the bank clients to remain unrated since such entities receive a lower risk weight of 100 per cent vis-a-vis 150 per cent risk weight for a lowest rated client. This might specially be the case if the unrated client expects a poor rating. The banks will need to be watchful in this regard. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ We can conclude by saying that the Basel II framework provides significant incentives to banks to sharpen their risk management expertise to enable more efficient risk-return tradeoffs, it also presents a valuable opportunity to gear up their internal processes to the 12 international best standards. This would require substantial capacity building and commitment of resources through close involvement of the banks’ Top Management in guiding this arduous undertaking. Notwithstanding intense competition, the expansionary phase of the economy is expected to provide ample opportunities for the growth of the banking industry. The growth trajectory, adherence to global best practices and risk management norms are likely to catapult the Indian Banks onto the global map, making them a force to reckon with. VI. References 1. The Evolution to Basel II by Donald Inscoe, Deputy Director, Division of Insurance and Research, US Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. 2. Basel II – Challenges Ahead of the Indian Banking Industry by Jagannath Mishra and Pankaj Kumar Kalawatia. 3. Basel II Norms and Credit Ratings by CA Sangeet Kumar Gupta. 4. The Business Line Magazine. 5. The Chartered Accountant – Journal of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India. 6. www. bis. org 7. www. rbi. org. in 8. www. wikipedia. org 9. www. google. com VII. The Technical Paper Presentation Team Name of Member Email ID’s [emailprotected] org tulsyan. [emailprotected] co. in sikha. [emailprotected] com ca. [emailprotected] com [emailprotected] com 1. Rahul Sharma 2. Abhishek Tulsyan 3. Sikha Kedia 4. Gourav Modi 5. Praveen Didwania 13

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Using The Best Essay Samples For Your Next ProjectThe writing process of an essay is not difficult at all and should not be the subject of any study. However, most people don't know where to start and what to focus on when they decide to write their own essay. However, all this could be taken care of with the help of online essay writing help. Online help should not only assist you in achieving the highest grade but also be useful for improving your skills.Writing skills are by no means easy to acquire. Students often find it hard to get their own essays written since they feel it is a step above the rest. Students are taught to become passionate about writing and to make the best use of the medium. It is therefore not surprising that students find difficulty in putting all the information required by the essay.Essay writing is a process that can't be rushed. On the contrary, many of the students find it easy to organize their thoughts and ideas for writing an essay but some are unab le to put all the information in a form that makes sense to readers. To put it simply, many students try to memorize the information before they actually begin writing. They make a mental list of the needed information and this keeps them motivated.In most cases, students find it difficult to cover the critical points which they find important in the context of the essay topic. Some students find it easier to concentrate on these points while others are unsure about the relevance of these critical points. Writing a highly effective essay requires that students tackle each of the critical points systematically, making sure that they are dealt with correctly and in a proper manner.The majority of students feel that they are excellent at organizing and writing essays as they haven't had any training to achieve this. However, this may not be true. People do need proper training to create highly effective essays. Many students believe that they can write essays by themselves while they a ctually need the help of professional writers who can help them in covering the critical points and in making the essay all that it is supposed to be.Most students seem to consider one or two simple but very effective steps and fail to give proper attention to the other points. However, it's the primary responsibility of the writer to write his or her essay well and write it well, without skipping any crucial information or missing out on any crucial information. The essay is written from the start to the end.If you really want to work on a big project, like a thesis or dissertation, or work for a company, or be published, you must be able to prepare yourself by studying through some of the top quality essay samples. An outline for an essay is just the beginning of the entire process. You need to organize the material that you have gathered and even then you still have to analyze your research and make use of the available resources to reach your goal. This is where professional ess ay writing help comes in handy.You will find help of these professional writers available online and you just need to log in to the website and request for a consultation session. Professional writers will guide you to a good conclusion and will use the same tools and techniques used by the professionals to make the essay the best one possible.

How to Choose Research Paper Topics

How to Choose Research Paper TopicsResearch papers are the last important decision to be made before a researcher turns in the final draft of his project. Research papers are designed to collect as much data as possible and the writing is done to achieve this goal.To meet the need for research papers, a researcher must clearly define the topic they are going to study and choose the appropriate topic. Before deciding on the topic, it is advisable to look at the current state of obesity, diet and health as well as other issues of concern.Researchers choose research paper topics based on a number of factors including how they would like their paper to look and what problems are involved in addressing these problems. The basic information that should be in the research paper will also be factored into the selection of topics. Although many of the research papers have been written based on a specific topic, the way in which a researcher will approach the topic depends largely on how the t opic is defined and what issues are going to be addressed.Research paper topics can be divided into four categories, as follows: research paper topics of the general public, research paper topics on childhood obesity, research paper topics on youth obesity and research paper topics of the health care sector. These are all the basic categories of research paper topics.Research paper topics that are aimed at the general public to address issues such as access to healthy food, nutrition and exercise and the importance of healthy living to the community. Research papers that are addressed to the general public have to deal with the common problem of obesity and all other related issues of concern to a community.Research papers that deal with the topic of childhood obesity are likely to include childhood obesity and its causes. It is important to write about all the contributing factors such as economic, social and environmental factors in an attempt to answer questions about why childre n are getting overweight. Researchpapers dealing with the research literature are likely to address questions about how people are responding to nutrition information from the media, health care providers and parents.Research papers addressing issues of concern to the health care system are more likely to address issues relating to the prevention of obesity, obesity prevention and weight loss. Research papers dealing with the health care sector are likely to focus on the issue of obesity, the effectiveness of obesity treatment programs and the role of the food industry in promoting the obesity epidemic. Finally, research papers addressing issues of concern to the youth are likely to address issues of low self-esteem, substance abuse and aggression.

Research Paper Topic About Sociolinguistics

Research Paper Topic About SociolinguisticsYou need to know the basics of researching a research paper topic about sociolinguistics. Here are some things you should know. Knowing these things will help you not only get a great topic for your research paper, but it will also make the research paper itself a much better paper than one that you make up on the fly.First of all, when researching a research paper about sociolinguistics, one of the first things you should do is prepare yourself by reading about the area of linguistics. Find out what is relevant to you and what you want to write about. Decide whether you want to write about the social aspect of language (the whole idea behind this type of research) or about linguistics as a science (as in statistics and anthropological research).Once you have determined the topic you want to write about, figure out how you want to approach it. Will you go for an online article? Will you use resources from other people? Will you write your ow n research papers? There are several approaches you can take when researching a research paper topic about sociolinguistics.One way to approach it is to write an online article about your topic. This means that you will write a set of articles for websites that have been set up to handle this sort of research. Not only will this help you get more traffic to your site, but it will also give you an excellent opportunity to build credibility and reputation with your readers. A lot of time people who are looking for topics to write about either feel compelled to use the Internet to find them or else they will look for it elsewhere and that can be a waste of time.If you choose to write an online article about your topic, you can start writing before you even have the topic or the subject. Get a pen and paper and do some brainstorming. Try to come up with a short outline that helps you keep track of what you are going to talk about. Then, if you still feel like you're not quite sure where to go, you can simply read about it and see if there is already an article written on the same topic.Another way to research a research paper topic about sociolinguistics is to use other people's ideas and sources. You can get hold of the articles of various linguists and linguistics experts who have written articles on their own subjects. This way, you can take their concepts and start using them in your research papers.In order to do this, however, you will need to know the background of the person who is writing the research paper topic about your topic. Make sure that you follow their style of writing and if possible talk to them about the information that you plan to use. If they agree to your use of their information, you will be well on your way to having a good topic for your research paper. Remember, there is no point in getting bogged down in research papers if you are not interested in your topic.Once you have your research paper topic about sociolinguistics figured out, you can begin writing. As long as you do not write without giving attention to details, you should have no trouble getting it right.

Research Paper Topics About Japan - How To Find Out More About This Topic

Research Paper Topics About Japan - How To Find Out More About This TopicIf you want to learn more about the research paper topics about Japan tsunami, then read this article. It will tell you about some of the best materials for your studies.One of the best ways to learn about the material about tsunamis past is through research papers. You can learn more about the history of a place by learning more about the tsunamis. By studying this information, you can also find out if there are other risky areas in the area.Another good option for research paper topics about Japan tsunami is through articles. You can find several articles that have been written about Japan, and these can be useful to you if you want to know more about the region's history.However, before you use these, make sure that you will get accurate information. If you have doubts, you can look for more information on the matter. There are also sources available online that can help you.If you want to know more about the research paper topics about Japan, then there are a lot of options available. You can also use the World Wide Web for this purpose. The internet can provide you with the much-needed information, and you can use this source for a long time.However, you should not worry if you cannot find much help in the internet. You can take help from your teachers or other professors. They can also help you in finding better materials for your research paper topics about Japan.These materials can help you with the entire research paper topics about Japan. You can use the information in your research paper to research and read other papers on the topic. You can also use these materials to practice some new things when you write your research paper.Remember that this is the only way you can learn more about the research paper topics about Japan. It is not necessary to spend time and money for research papers, but it is good to learn more about the topic. Besides, it will help you in getting better grades.